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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/>
<meta name="viewport" content="target-densitydpi=device-dpi" />
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/>
<link rel="canonical" href="https://underscorejs.org/" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<title>Underscore.js</title>
<style>
body {
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 22px;
background: #f4f4f4 url(docs/images/background.png);
color: #000;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial;
}
.interface {
font-family: "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important;
}
div#sidebar {
background: #fff;
position: fixed;
top: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0;
width: 200px;
overflow-y: auto;
overflow-x: hidden;
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
padding: 15px 0 30px 30px;
border-right: 1px solid #bbb;
box-shadow: 0 0 20px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px #ccc; -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 20px #ccc;
}
a.toc_title, a.toc_title:visited {
display: block;
color: black;
font-weight: bold;
margin-top: 15px;
}
a.toc_title:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
#sidebar .version {
font-size: 10px;
font-weight: normal;
}
ul.toc_section {
font-size: 11px;
line-height: 14px;
margin: 5px 0 0 0;
padding-left: 0px;
list-style-type: none;
font-family: Lucida Grande;
}
.toc_section li {
cursor: pointer;
margin: 0 0 3px 0;
}
.toc_section li a {
text-decoration: none;
color: black;
}
.toc_section li a:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
input#function_filter {
width: 80%;
}
div.container {
width: 550px;
margin: 40px 0 50px 260px;
}
img#logo {
width: 396px;
height: 69px;
}
div.warning {
margin-top: 15px;
font: bold 11px Arial;
color: #770000;
}
p {
margin: 20px 0;
width: 550px;
}
a, a:visited {
color: #444;
}
a:active, a:hover {
color: #000;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
padding-top: 20px;
}
h2 {
font-size: 20px;
}
b.header {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 30px;
}
span.alias {
font-size: 14px;
font-style: italic;
margin-left: 20px;
}
table, tr, td {
margin: 0; padding: 0;
}
td {
padding: 2px 12px 2px 0;
}
table .rule {
height: 1px;
background: #ccc;
margin: 5px 0;
}
ul {
list-style-type: circle;
padding: 0 0 0 20px;
}
li {
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
code, pre, tt {
font-family: Monaco, Consolas, "Lucida Console", monospace;
font-size: 12px;
line-height: 18px;
font-style: normal;
}
tt {
padding: 0px 3px;
background: #fff;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
zoom: 1;
}
code {
margin-left: 20px;
}
pre {
font-size: 12px;
padding: 2px 0 2px 15px;
border-left: 5px solid #bbb;
margin: 0px 0 30px;
}
@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5) and (max-width: 640px),
only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3/2) and (max-width: 640px),
only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5) and (max-width: 640px) {
img {
max-width: 100%;
}
div#sidebar {
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: initial;
position: relative;
width: 90%;
height: 120px;
left: 0;
top: -7px;
padding: 10px 0 10px 30px;
border: 0;
}
img#logo {
width: auto;
height: auto;
}
div.container {
margin: 0;
width: 100%;
}
p, div.container ul {
max-width: 98%;
overflow-x: scroll;
}
pre {
overflow: scroll;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="sidebar" class="interface">
<a class="toc_title" href="#">
Underscore.js <span class="version">(1.9.2)</span>
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>» <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore">GitHub Repository</a></li>
<li>» <a href="docs/underscore.html">Annotated Source</a></li>
<li>» <a href="https://documentcloud.github.io/underscore-contrib/">Underscore-contrib</a></li>
</ul>
<input id="function_filter" placeholder="Filter" type="text" autofocus />
<div class="searchable_section">
<a class="toc_title" href="#">
Introduction
</a>
</div>
<div class="searchable_section">
<a class="toc_title" href="#collections">
Collections
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li data-name="each" data-aliases="forEach">- <a href="#each">each</a></li>
<li data-name="map" data-aliases="collect">- <a href="#map">map</a></li>
<li data-name="reduce" data-aliases="inject foldl">- <a href="#reduce">reduce</a></li>
<li data-name="reduceRight" data-aliases="foldr">- <a href="#reduceRight">reduceRight</a></li>
<li data-name="find" data-aliases="detect">- <a href="#find">find</a></li>
<li data-name="filter" data-aliases="select">- <a href="#filter">filter</a></li>
<li data-name="where">- <a href="#where">where</a></li>
<li data-name="findWhere">- <a href="#findWhere">findWhere</a></li>
<li data-name="reject">- <a href="#reject">reject</a></li>
<li data-name="every" data-aliases="all">- <a href="#every">every</a></li>
<li data-name="some" data-aliases="any">- <a href="#some">some</a></li>
<li data-name="contains" data-aliases="include includes">- <a href="#contains">contains</a></li>
<li data-name="invoke">- <a href="#invoke">invoke</a></li>
<li data-name="pluck">- <a href="#pluck">pluck</a></li>
<li data-name="max">- <a href="#max">max</a></li>
<li data-name="min">- <a href="#min">min</a></li>
<li data-name="sortBy">- <a href="#sortBy">sortBy</a></li>
<li data-name="groupBy">- <a href="#groupBy">groupBy</a></li>
<li data-name="indexBy">- <a href="#indexBy">indexBy</a></li>
<li data-name="countBy">- <a href="#countBy">countBy</a></li>
<li data-name="shuffle">- <a href="#shuffle">shuffle</a></li>
<li data-name="sample">- <a href="#sample">sample</a></li>
<li data-name="toArray">- <a href="#toArray">toArray</a></li>
<li data-name="size">- <a href="#size">size</a></li>
<li data-name="partition">- <a href="#partition">partition</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="searchable_section">
<a class="toc_title" href="#arrays">
Arrays
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li data-name="first" data-aliases="head take">- <a href="#first">first</a></li>
<li data-name="initial">- <a href="#initial">initial</a></li>
<li data-name="last">- <a href="#last">last</a></li>
<li data-name="rest" data-aliases="tail drop">- <a href="#rest">rest</a></li>
<li data-name="compact">- <a href="#compact">compact</a></li>
<li data-name="flatten">- <a href="#flatten">flatten</a></li>
<li data-name="without">- <a href="#without">without</a></li>
<li data-name="union">- <a href="#union">union</a></li>
<li data-name="intersection">- <a href="#intersection">intersection</a></li>
<li data-name="difference">- <a href="#difference">difference</a></li>
<li data-name="uniq" data-aliases="unique">- <a href="#uniq">uniq</a></li>
<li data-name="zip">- <a href="#zip">zip</a></li>
<li data-name="unzip">- <a href="#unzip">unzip</a></li>
<li data-name="object">- <a href="#object">object</a></li>
<li data-name="chunk">- <a href="#chunk">chunk</a></li>
<li data-name="indexOf">- <a href="#indexOf">indexOf</a></li>
<li data-name="lastIndexOf">- <a href="#lastIndexOf">lastIndexOf</a></li>
<li data-name="sortedIndex">- <a href="#sortedIndex">sortedIndex</a></li>
<li data-name="findIndex">- <a href="#findIndex">findIndex</a></li>
<li data-name="findLastIndex">- <a href="#findLastIndex">findLastIndex</a></li>
<li data-name="range">- <a href="#range">range</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="searchable_section">
<a class="toc_title" href="#functions">
Functions
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li data-name="bind">- <a href="#bind">bind</a></li>
<li data-name="bindAll">- <a href="#bindAll">bindAll</a></li>
<li data-name="partial">- <a href="#partial">partial</a></li>
<li data-name="memoize">- <a href="#memoize">memoize</a></li>
<li data-name="delay">- <a href="#delay">delay</a></li>
<li data-name="defer">- <a href="#defer">defer</a></li>
<li data-name="throttle">- <a href="#throttle">throttle</a></li>
<li data-name="debounce">- <a href="#debounce">debounce</a></li>
<li data-name="once">- <a href="#once">once</a></li>
<li data-name="after">- <a href="#after">after</a></li>
<li data-name="before">- <a href="#before">before</a></li>
<li data-name="wrap">- <a href="#wrap">wrap</a></li>
<li data-name="negate">- <a href="#negate">negate</a></li>
<li data-name="compose">- <a href="#compose">compose</a></li>
<li data-name="restArguments">- <a href="#restArguments">restArguments</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="searchable_section">
<a class="toc_title" href="#objects">
Objects
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li data-name="keys">- <a href="#keys">keys</a></li>
<li data-name="allKeys">- <a href="#allKeys">allKeys</a></li>
<li data-name="values">- <a href="#values">values</a></li>
<li data-name="mapObject">- <a href="#mapObject">mapObject</a></li>
<li data-name="pairs">- <a href="#pairs">pairs</a></li>
<li data-name="invert">- <a href="#invert">invert</a></li>
<li data-name="create">- <a href="#create">create</a></li>
<li data-name="object-functions" data-aliases="methods">- <a href="#object-functions">functions</a></li>
<li data-name="findKey">- <a href="#findKey">findKey</a></li>
<li data-name="extend">- <a href="#extend">extend</a></li>
<li data-name="extendOwn" data-aliases="assign">- <a href="#extendOwn">extendOwn</a></li>
<li data-name="pick">- <a href="#pick">pick</a></li>
<li data-name="omit">- <a href="#omit">omit</a></li>
<li data-name="defaults">- <a href="#defaults">defaults</a></li>
<li data-name="clone">- <a href="#clone">clone</a></li>
<li data-name="tap">- <a href="#tap">tap</a></li>
<li data-name="has">- <a href="#has">has</a></li>
<li data-name="property">- <a href="#property">property</a></li>
<li data-name="propertyOf">- <a href="#propertyOf">propertyOf</a></li>
<li data-name="matcher">- <a href="#matcher">matcher</a></li>
<li data-name="isEqual">- <a href="#isEqual">isEqual</a></li>
<li data-name="isMatch">- <a href="#isMatch">isMatch</a></li>
<li data-name="isEmpty">- <a href="#isEmpty">isEmpty</a></li>
<li data-name="isElement">- <a href="#isElement">isElement</a></li>
<li data-name="isArray">- <a href="#isArray">isArray</a></li>
<li data-name="isObject">- <a href="#isObject">isObject</a></li>
<li data-name="isArguments">- <a href="#isArguments">isArguments</a></li>
<li data-name="isFunction">- <a href="#isFunction">isFunction</a></li>
<li data-name="isString">- <a href="#isString">isString</a></li>
<li data-name="isNumber">- <a href="#isNumber">isNumber</a></li>
<li data-name="isFinite">- <a href="#isFinite">isFinite</a></li>
<li data-name="isBoolean">- <a href="#isBoolean">isBoolean</a></li>
<li data-name="isDate">- <a href="#isDate">isDate</a></li>
<li data-name="isRegExp">- <a href="#isRegExp">isRegExp</a></li>
<li data-name="isError">- <a href="#isError">isError</a></li>
<li data-name="isSymbol">- <a href="#isSymbol">isSymbol</a></li>
<li data-name="isMap">- <a href="#isMap">isMap</a></li>
<li data-name="isWeakMap">- <a href="#isWeakMap">isWeakMap</a></li>
<li data-name="isSet">- <a href="#isSet">isSet</a></li>
<li data-name="isWeakSet">- <a href="#isWeakSet">isWeakSet</a></li>
<li data-name="isNaN">- <a href="#isNaN">isNaN</a></li>
<li data-name="isNull">- <a href="#isNull">isNull</a></li>
<li data-name="isUndefined">- <a href="#isUndefined">isUndefined</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="searchable_section">
<a class="toc_title" href="#utility">
Utility
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li data-name="noConflict">- <a href="#noConflict">noConflict</a></li>
<li data-name="identity">- <a href="#identity">identity</a></li>
<li data-name="constant">- <a href="#constant">constant</a></li>
<li data-name="noop">- <a href="#noop">noop</a></li>
<li data-name="times">- <a href="#times">times</a></li>
<li data-name="random">- <a href="#random">random</a></li>
<li data-name="mixin">- <a href="#mixin">mixin</a></li>
<li data-name="iteratee">- <a href="#iteratee">iteratee</a></li>
<li data-name="uniqueId">- <a href="#uniqueId">uniqueId</a></li>
<li data-name="escape">- <a href="#escape">escape</a></li>
<li data-name="unescape">- <a href="#unescape">unescape</a></li>
<li data-name="result">- <a href="#result">result</a></li>
<li data-name="now">- <a href="#now">now</a></li>
<li data-name="template">- <a href="#template">template</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="searchable_section">
<a class="toc_title" href="#oop">
OOP Style
</a>
</div>
<div class="searchable_section">
<a class="toc_title" href="#chaining">
Chaining
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li data-name="chain">- <a href="#chain">chain</a></li>
<li data-name="value">- <a href="#value">value</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="searchable_section">
<a class="toc_title" href="#links">
Links
</a>
</div>
<div class="searchable_section">
<a class="toc_title" href="#changelog">
Change Log
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="container">
<p id="introduction">
<img id="logo" src="docs/images/underscore.png" alt="Underscore.js" />
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/">Underscore</a>
is a JavaScript library that provides a whole mess of useful functional
programming helpers without extending any built-in objects.
It’s the answer to the question: “If I sit down in front of a
blank HTML page, and want to start being productive immediately, what do I need?”
… and the tie to go along with
<a href="https://jquery.com">jQuery</a>'s tux and
<a href="https://backbonejs.org">Backbone</a>'s suspenders.
</p>
<p>
Underscore provides over 100 functions that support both your favorite
workaday functional helpers: <b>map</b>, <b>filter</b>, <b>invoke</b> —
as well as more specialized goodies: function binding, javascript
templating, creating quick indexes, deep equality testing, and so on.
</p>
<p>
A complete <a href="test/">Test Suite</a>
is included for your perusal.
</p>
<p>
You may also read through the <a href="docs/underscore.html">annotated source code</a>.
</p>
<p>
Enjoying Underscore, and want to <i>turn it up to 11?</i> Try <a href="https://documentcloud.github.io/underscore-contrib/">Underscore-contrib</a>.
</p>
<p>
The project is
<a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore">hosted on GitHub</a>.
You can report bugs and discuss features on the
<a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/issues">issues page</a>
or chat in the <a href="https://gitter.im/jashkenas/underscore">Gitter</a>
channel.
</p>
<p>
<i>Underscore is an open-source component of <a href="https://documentcloud.org/">DocumentCloud</a>.</i>
</p>
<h2>Downloads <i style="padding-left: 12px; font-size:12px;">(Right-click, and use "Save As")</i></h2>
<table>
<tr>
<td><a href="underscore.js">Development Version (1.9.2)</a></td>
<td><i>60kb, Uncompressed with Plentiful Comments</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="underscore-min.js">Production Version (1.9.2)</a></td>
<td>
<i>6.5kb, Minified and Gzipped</i>
<small>(<a href="underscore-min.js.map">Source Map</a>)</small>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div class="rule"></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://raw.github.com/jashkenas/underscore/master/underscore.js">Edge Version</a></td>
<td><i>Unreleased, current <tt>master</tt>, use by your own judgement and at your own risk</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2>Installation</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<b>Node.js</b> <tt>npm install underscore</tt>
</li>
<li>
<b>Meteor.js</b> <tt>meteor add underscore</tt>
</li>
<li>
<b>Require.js</b> <tt>require(["underscore"], ...</tt>
</li>
<li>
<b>Bower</b> <tt>bower install underscore</tt>
</li>
<li>
<b>Component</b> <tt>component install jashkenas/underscore</tt>
</li>
</ul>
<div id="documentation">
<h2 id="collections">Collection Functions (Arrays or Objects)</h2>
<p id="each">
<b class="header">each</b><code>_.each(list, iteratee, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>forEach</b></span>
<br />
Iterates over a <b>list</b> of elements, yielding each in turn to an
<b>iteratee</b> function.
The <b>iteratee</b> is bound to the <b>context</b> object, if one is
passed. Each invocation of <b>iteratee</b> is called with three arguments:
<tt>(element, index, list)</tt>. If <b>list</b> is a JavaScript object, <b>iteratee</b>'s
arguments will be <tt>(value, key, list)</tt>. Returns the <b>list</b> for chaining.
</p>
<pre>
_.each([1, 2, 3], alert);
=> alerts each number in turn...
_.each({one: 1, two: 2, three: 3}, alert);
=> alerts each number value in turn...</pre>
<p>
<i>
Note: Collection functions work on arrays, objects, and
array-like objects such as</i> <tt>arguments</tt>, <tt>NodeList</tt><i>
and similar. But it works by duck-typing, so avoid passing objects with
a numeric <tt>length</tt> property. It's also good to note that an
<tt>each</tt> loop cannot be broken out of — to break, use <b>_.find</b>
instead.
</i>
</p>
<p id="map">
<b class="header">map</b><code>_.map(list, iteratee, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>collect</b></span>
<br />
Produces a new array of values by mapping each value in <b>list</b>
through a transformation function (<a href="#iteratee"><b>iteratee</b></a>).
The iteratee is passed three arguments: the <tt>value</tt>,
then the <tt>index</tt> (or <tt>key</tt>) of the iteration,
and finally a reference to the entire <tt>list</tt>.
</p>
<pre>
_.map([1, 2, 3], function(num){ return num * 3; });
=> [3, 6, 9]
_.map({one: 1, two: 2, three: 3}, function(num, key){ return num * 3; });
=> [3, 6, 9]
_.map([[1, 2], [3, 4]], _.first);
=> [1, 3]</pre>
<p id="reduce">
<b class="header">reduce</b><code>_.reduce(list, iteratee, [memo], [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Aliases: <b>inject</b>, <b>foldl</b></span>
<br />
Also known as <b>inject</b> and <b>foldl</b>, reduce boils down a <b>list</b> of values into a single value.
<b>Memo</b> is the initial state of the reduction, and each successive step of it should be returned by
<b>iteratee</b>. The iteratee is passed four arguments: the <tt>memo</tt>, then the <tt>value</tt> and
<tt>index</tt> (or key) of the iteration, and finally a reference to the entire <tt>list</tt>.
</p>
<p>
If no memo is passed to the initial invocation of reduce, the iteratee is not invoked on the first element
of the list. The first element is instead passed as the memo in the invocation of the iteratee on the next
element in the list.
</p>
<pre>
var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(memo, num){ return memo + num; }, 0);
=> 6
</pre>
<p id="reduceRight">
<b class="header">reduceRight</b><code>_.reduceRight(list, iteratee, [memo], [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>foldr</b></span>
<br />
The right-associative version of <b>reduce</b>. <b>Foldr</b>
is not as useful in JavaScript as it would be in a language with lazy
evaluation.
</p>
<pre>
var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
var flat = _.reduceRight(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
=> [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
</pre>
<p id="find">
<b class="header">find</b><code>_.find(list, predicate, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>detect</b></span>
<br />
Looks through each value in the <b>list</b>, returning the first one that
passes a truth test (<b>predicate</b>), or <tt>undefined</tt> if no value
passes the test. The function returns as
soon as it finds an acceptable element, and doesn't traverse the
entire list.
<b>predicate</b> is transformed through <a href="#iteratee"><b>iteratee</b></a>
to facilitate shorthand syntaxes.
</p>
<pre>
var even = _.find([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=> 2
</pre>
<p id="filter">
<b class="header">filter</b><code>_.filter(list, predicate, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>select</b></span>
<br />
Looks through each value in the <b>list</b>, returning an array of all
the values that pass a truth test (<b>predicate</b>).
<b>predicate</b> is transformed through <a href="#iteratee"><b>iteratee</b></a>
to facilitate shorthand syntaxes.
</p>
<pre>
var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=> [2, 4, 6]
</pre>
<p id="findWhere">
<b class="header">findWhere</b><code>_.findWhere(list, properties)</code>
<br />
Looks through the <b>list</b> and returns the <i>first</i> value that <a href="#matches">matches</a>
all of the key-value pairs listed in <b>properties</b>.
</p>
<p>
If no match is found, or if <b>list</b> is empty, <i>undefined</i> will be
returned.
</p>
<pre>
_.findWhere(publicServicePulitzers, {newsroom: "The New York Times"});
=> {year: 1918, newsroom: "The New York Times",
reason: "For its public service in publishing in full so many official reports,
documents and speeches by European statesmen relating to the progress and
conduct of the war."}
</pre>
<p id="where">
<b class="header">where</b><code>_.where(list, properties)</code>
<br />
Looks through each value in the <b>list</b>, returning an array of all
the values that <a href="#matches">matches</a> the key-value pairs listed in <b>properties</b>.
</p>
<pre>
_.where(listOfPlays, {author: "Shakespeare", year: 1611});
=> [{title: "Cymbeline", author: "Shakespeare", year: 1611},
{title: "The Tempest", author: "Shakespeare", year: 1611}]
</pre>
<p id="reject">
<b class="header">reject</b><code>_.reject(list, predicate, [context])</code>
<br />
Returns the values in <b>list</b> without the elements that the truth
test (<b>predicate</b>) passes. The opposite of <b>filter</b>.
<b>predicate</b> is transformed through <a href="#iteratee"><b>iteratee</b></a>
to facilitate shorthand syntaxes.
</p>
<pre>
var odds = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=> [1, 3, 5]
</pre>
<p id="every">
<b class="header">every</b><code>_.every(list, [predicate], [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>all</b></span>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if all of the values in the <b>list</b> pass the
<b>predicate</b> truth test. Short-circuits and stops traversing the list
if a false element is found.
<b>predicate</b> is transformed through <a href="#iteratee"><b>iteratee</b></a>
to facilitate shorthand syntaxes.
</p>
<pre>
_.every([2, 4, 5], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
=> false
</pre>
<p id="some">
<b class="header">some</b><code>_.some(list, [predicate], [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>any</b></span>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if any of the values in the <b>list</b> pass the
<b>predicate</b> truth test. Short-circuits and stops traversing the list
if a true element is found.
<b>predicate</b> is transformed through <a href="#iteratee"><b>iteratee</b></a>
to facilitate shorthand syntaxes.
</p>
<pre>
_.some([null, 0, 'yes', false]);
=> true
</pre>
<p id="contains">
<b class="header">contains</b><code>_.contains(list, value, [fromIndex])</code>
<span class="alias">Aliases: <b>include</b>, <b>includes</b></span>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if the <b>value</b> is present in the <b>list</b>.
Uses <b>indexOf</b> internally, if <b>list</b> is an Array.
Use <b>fromIndex</b> to start your search at a given index.
</p>
<pre>
_.contains([1, 2, 3], 3);
=> true
</pre>
<p id="invoke">
<b class="header">invoke</b><code>_.invoke(list, methodName, *arguments)</code>
<br />
Calls the method named by <b>methodName</b> on each value in the <b>list</b>.
Any extra arguments passed to <b>invoke</b> will be forwarded on to the
method invocation.
</p>
<pre>
_.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
=> [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
</pre>
<p id="pluck">
<b class="header">pluck</b><code>_.pluck(list, propertyName)</code>
<br />
A convenient version of what is perhaps the most common use-case for
<b>map</b>: extracting a list of property values.
</p>
<pre>
var stooges = [{name: 'moe', age: 40}, {name: 'larry', age: 50}, {name: 'curly', age: 60}];
_.pluck(stooges, 'name');
=> ["moe", "larry", "curly"]
</pre>
<p id="max">
<b class="header">max</b><code>_.max(list, [iteratee], [context])</code>
<br />
Returns the maximum value in <b>list</b>. If an <a href="#iteratee"><b>iteratee</b></a>
function is provided, it will be used on each value to generate the
criterion by which the value is ranked. <i>-Infinity</i> is returned
if <b>list</b> is empty, so an <a href="#isEmpty">isEmpty</a> guard
may be required. Non-numerical values in <b>list</b> will be ignored.
</p>
<pre>
var stooges = [{name: 'moe', age: 40}, {name: 'larry', age: 50}, {name: 'curly', age: 60}];
_.max(stooges, function(stooge){ return stooge.age; });
=> {name: 'curly', age: 60};
</pre>
<p id="min">
<b class="header">min</b><code>_.min(list, [iteratee], [context])</code>
<br />
Returns the minimum value in <b>list</b>. If an <a href="#iteratee"><b>iteratee</b></a>
function is provided, it will be used on each value to generate the
criterion by which the value is ranked. <i>Infinity</i> is returned
if <b>list</b> is empty, so an <a href="#isEmpty">isEmpty</a> guard
may be required. Non-numerical values in <b>list</b> will be ignored.
</p>
<pre>
var numbers = [10, 5, 100, 2, 1000];
_.min(numbers);
=> 2
</pre>
<p id="sortBy">
<b class="header">sortBy</b><code>_.sortBy(list, iteratee, [context])</code>
<br />
Returns a (stably) sorted copy of <b>list</b>, ranked in ascending
order by the results of running each value through <a href="#iteratee"><b>iteratee</b></a>.
iteratee may also be the string name of the property to sort by (eg.
<tt>length</tt>).
</p>
<pre>
_.sortBy([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return Math.sin(num); });
=> [5, 4, 6, 3, 1, 2]
var stooges = [{name: 'moe', age: 40}, {name: 'larry', age: 50}, {name: 'curly', age: 60}];
_.sortBy(stooges, 'name');
=> [{name: 'curly', age: 60}, {name: 'larry', age: 50}, {name: 'moe', age: 40}];
</pre>
<p id="groupBy">
<b class="header">groupBy</b><code>_.groupBy(list, iteratee, [context])</code>
<br />
Splits a collection into sets, grouped by the result of running each
value through <b>iteratee</b>. If <b>iteratee</b> is a string instead of
a function, groups by the property named by <b>iteratee</b> on each of
the values.
</p>
<pre>
_.groupBy([1.3, 2.1, 2.4], function(num){ return Math.floor(num); });
=> {1: [1.3], 2: [2.1, 2.4]}
_.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
=> {3: ["one", "two"], 5: ["three"]}
</pre>
<p id="indexBy">
<b class="header">indexBy</b><code>_.indexBy(list, iteratee, [context])</code>
<br />
Given a <b>list</b>, and an <a href="#iteratee"><b>iteratee</b></a> function
that returns a key for each element in the list (or a property name),
returns an object with an index of each item.
Just like <a href="#groupBy">groupBy</a>, but for when you know your
keys are unique.
</p>
<pre>
var stooges = [{name: 'moe', age: 40}, {name: 'larry', age: 50}, {name: 'curly', age: 60}];
_.indexBy(stooges, 'age');
=> {
"40": {name: 'moe', age: 40},
"50": {name: 'larry', age: 50},
"60": {name: 'curly', age: 60}
}
</pre>
<p id="countBy">
<b class="header">countBy</b><code>_.countBy(list, iteratee, [context])</code>
<br />
Sorts a list into groups and returns a count for the number of objects
in each group.
Similar to <tt>groupBy</tt>, but instead of returning a list of values,
returns a count for the number of values in that group.
</p>
<pre>
_.countBy([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], function(num) {
return num % 2 == 0 ? 'even': 'odd';
});
=> {odd: 3, even: 2}
</pre>
<p id="shuffle">
<b class="header">shuffle</b><code>_.shuffle(list)</code>
<br />
Returns a shuffled copy of the <b>list</b>, using a version of the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Yates_shuffle">Fisher-Yates shuffle</a>.
</p>
<pre>
_.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
=> [4, 1, 6, 3, 5, 2]
</pre>
<p id="sample">
<b class="header">sample</b><code>_.sample(list, [n])</code>
<br />
Produce a random sample from the <b>list</b>. Pass a number to
return <b>n</b> random elements from the list. Otherwise a single random
item will be returned.
</p>
<pre>
_.sample([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
=> 4
_.sample([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 3);
=> [1, 6, 2]
</pre>
<p id="toArray">
<b class="header">toArray</b><code>_.toArray(list)</code>
<br />
Creates a real Array from the <b>list</b> (anything that can be
iterated over). Useful for transmuting the <b>arguments</b> object.
</p>
<pre>
(function(){ return _.toArray(arguments).slice(1); })(1, 2, 3, 4);
=> [2, 3, 4]
</pre>
<p id="size">
<b class="header">size</b><code>_.size(list)</code>
<br />
Return the number of values in the <b>list</b>.
</p>
<pre>
_.size([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
=> 5
_.size({one: 1, two: 2, three: 3});
=> 3
</pre>
<p id="partition">
<b class="header">partition</b><code>_.partition(list, predicate)</code>
<br />
Split <b>list</b> into two arrays: one whose elements all satisfy
<b>predicate</b> and one whose elements all do not satisfy <b>predicate</b>.
<b>predicate</b> is transformed through <a href="#iteratee"><b>iteratee</b></a>
to facilitate shorthand syntaxes.
</p>
<pre>
_.partition([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], isOdd);
=> [[1, 3, 5], [0, 2, 4]]
</pre>
<p id="compact">
<b class="header">compact</b><code>_.compact(list)</code>
<br />
Returns a copy of the <b>list</b> with all falsy values removed.
In JavaScript, <i>false</i>, <i>null</i>, <i>0</i>, <i>""</i>,
<i>undefined</i> and <i>NaN</i> are all falsy.
</p>
<pre>
_.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
=> [1, 2, 3]
</pre>
<h2 id="arrays">Array Functions</h2>
<p>
<i>
Note: All array functions will also work on the <b>arguments</b> object.
However, Underscore functions are not designed to work on "sparse" arrays.
</i>
</p>
<p id="first">
<b class="header">first</b><code>_.first(array, [n])</code>
<span class="alias">Aliases: <b>head</b>, <b>take</b></span>
<br />
Returns the first element of an <b>array</b>. Passing <b>n</b> will
return the first <b>n</b> elements of the array.
</p>
<pre>
_.first([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=> 5
</pre>
<p id="initial">
<b class="header">initial</b><code>_.initial(array, [n])</code>
<br />
Returns everything but the last entry of the array. Especially useful on
the arguments object. Pass <b>n</b> to exclude the last <b>n</b> elements
from the result.
</p>
<pre>
_.initial([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=> [5, 4, 3, 2]
</pre>
<p id="last">
<b class="header">last</b><code>_.last(array, [n])</code>
<br />
Returns the last element of an <b>array</b>. Passing <b>n</b> will return
the last <b>n</b> elements of the array.
</p>
<pre>
_.last([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=> 1
</pre>
<p id="rest">
<b class="header">rest</b><code>_.rest(array, [index])</code>
<span class="alias">Aliases: <b>tail</b>, <b>drop</b></span>
<br />
Returns the <b>rest</b> of the elements in an array. Pass an <b>index</b>
to return the values of the array from that index onward.
</p>
<pre>
_.rest([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=> [4, 3, 2, 1]
</pre>
<p id="flatten">
<b class="header">flatten</b><code>_.flatten(array, [shallow])</code>
<br />
Flattens a nested <b>array</b> (the nesting can be to any depth). If you
pass <b>shallow</b>, the array will only be flattened a single level.
</p>
<pre>
_.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
=> [1, 2, 3, 4];
_.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]], true);
=> [1, 2, 3, [[4]]];
</pre>
<p id="without">
<b class="header">without</b><code>_.without(array, *values)</code>
<br />
Returns a copy of the <b>array</b> with all instances of the <b>values</b>
removed.
</p>
<pre>
_.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
=> [2, 3, 4]
</pre>
<p id="union">
<b class="header">union</b><code>_.union(*arrays)</code>
<br />
Computes the union of the passed-in <b>arrays</b>: the list of unique items,
in order, that are present in one or more of the <b>arrays</b>.
</p>
<pre>
_.union([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
=> [1, 2, 3, 101, 10]
</pre>
<p id="intersection">
<b class="header">intersection</b><code>_.intersection(*arrays)</code>
<br />
Computes the list of values that are the intersection of all the <b>arrays</b>.
Each value in the result is present in each of the <b>arrays</b>.
</p>
<pre>
_.intersection([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
=> [1, 2]
</pre>
<p id="difference">
<b class="header">difference</b><code>_.difference(array, *others)</code>
<br />
Similar to <b>without</b>, but returns the values from <b>array</b> that
are not present in the <b>other</b> arrays.
</p>
<pre>
_.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
=> [1, 3, 4]
</pre>
<p id="uniq">
<b class="header">uniq</b><code>_.uniq(array, [isSorted], [iteratee])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>unique</b></span>
<br />
Produces a duplicate-free version of the <b>array</b>, using <i>===</i> to test
object equality. In particular only the first occurrence of each value is kept.
If you know in advance that the <b>array</b> is sorted,
passing <i>true</i> for <b>isSorted</b> will run a much faster algorithm.
If you want to compute unique items based on a transformation, pass an